Start on a liveCD or liveUSB that has grub2 installed.
(or grub-legacy if your system use grub-legacy. In this case KNOPPIX works fine)
to see the partitions:
~$ sudo fdisk -l (or blkid)
If you use a liveUSB, the /mnt directory is free.
If you use a liveCD /mnt is busy, so use another free directory.
To be sure of having a free directory, let's create the mntgrub directory:
Then, depending on the case (/mnt or /mntgrub) do:
~$ sudo mount /dev/sdxx /mntgrub
/dev/sdxx is the directory to use to repair grub which contains /boot/grub/...
In my case it's /dev/sda5
Then do:
~$ sudo grub-install --root-directory=/mntgrub /dev/sda